Hot Rolled Automotive Steel Sheets

Product Description

Hot Rolled Automotive Steel Sheets

PROSPERITY^® can produce Hot Rolled Automotive Steel Sheets.

Item Name: PROSPERITY^® Hot Rolled Automotive Steel Sheets.

Brand: PROSPERITY^®

PROSPERITY^® Hot Rolled Automotive Steel Sheets adopt advanced smelting technology, with low inclusion content and pure steel quality. Precise controlled rolling and controlled cooling techniques are used to obtain the microstructure required for each steel grade to meet the usage requirements. PROSPERITY^® Hot Rolled Automotive Steel is widely used in the manufacturing of products in car and truck manufacturers, auto parts factories and auto modification factories. Replacing traditional low-strength steel with high-strength steel can significantly reduce the self-weight of automobiles and also lower costs to a certain extent.

The background of PROSPERITY^® Hot Rolled Automotive Steel Development:

With the increasing demands for safety, weight reduction, energy conservation and environmental protection, the demand for high-strength automotive steel in automobiles is becoming more and more urgent. Hot-rolled high-strength steel plates are widely used in important components such as wheels, frames, carriages, axles, drive shafts, chassis and suspensions, and have great potential for weight reduction. Since 2004, the research and development of hot-rolled high-strength automotive steel has been initiated, and a variety of high-strength steel grades that meet various specific performance requirements have been successively developed.

PROSPERITY^® Hot Rolled Automotive Steel General Products:

*Low alloy high strength steel with yield strength ranging from 550 to 700MPa, featuring excellent formability and weldability, can be used in automotive frames, carriages, transmission shaft tubes and other automotive structural components.

*Steel for wheels with tensile strength ranging from 450 to 650MPa

*High-strength steel for bridge shells.

*Advanced high-strength steel (high expanded hole steel of 440 ~ 780MPa grades, duplex steel of 580 and 780MPa grades, TRIP steel of 580 and 780MPa grades) features excellent formability and high fatigue characteristics, and can be used in the manufacturing of complex-shaped components.

*Heat-treated ultra-high strength steel and wear-resistant steel.
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Hot Rolled Commercial Vehicles Beam Steels

Beam structure bears the main loads of the commercial vehicles. The beam steels must show good strength and toughness, and high fatigue property. From the forming methods, commercial vehicles beams can be divided into stamping beam, rolling beam, and welding beam. For stamping beam and rolling beam, the steels should have high cold forming performance. For welding beam, the steels should show good weldability.

PROSPERITY^® beam steels mainly include microalloyed high strength beam steels and ultra high strength beam steels, with a highest yield strength of 960MPa.

PROSPERITY^® beam steel characteristics:

*High strength beam steels reach the highest yield strength level of 700MPa. The steels not only have good purity, excellent toughness, and good fatigue performance, but also have excellent performance of cold forming and welding. The steels are suitable for stamping beam, rolling beam, and welding beam.

*Ultra high strength beam steels reach the highest yield strength level of 960MPa, delivered by heat treatment. The steels show high purity, excellent toughness, good fatigue performance, good weldability, excellent flatness and surface quality. The steels are suitable for welding beam.

The range of available specifications:

Finished product thickness (mm)			Finished product width (mm)			Finished product length (mm)
1.5-12			900-1800			2000-13000

PROSPERITY^® beam steel mechanical properties:

Product Catagory

Strength level MPa

Model No.

Tensile Test Yield Strength ReH MPa

Tensile Test Tensile Strength Rm MPa

Percentage Elongation After Fracture % A

Diameter for Bending Test

Notes

Common beam steel

355

P510L

≥355

510-630

≥24

D=0.5a, 180°

Pressed or Rolled Beam

High strength beam steel

500

P550L QStE500TM

≥500

550-700

≥17

D=1a, 180°

Pressed or Rolled Beam

High strength beam steel

550

P600L QStE550TM

≥550

600-760

≥16

D=1.5a, 180°

Pressed or Rolled Beam

High strength beam steel

600

P650L QStE600TM

≥600

650-820

≥15

D=1.5a, 180°

Pressed or Rolled Beam

High strength beam steel

650

P700L QStE650TM

≥650

700-880

≥14

D=2a, 180°

Pressed or Rolled Beam

High strength beam steel

700

P750L QStE700TM

≥700

750-950

≥13

D=2a, 180°

Pressed or Rolled Beam

High strength beam steel

700

P750LD

≥700

750-950

≥13

D=2a, 180°

Welded beam

Ultra high strength beam steel

800

P850LE

≥800

≥850

≥12

D=4a, 90°

Welded beam

Ultra high strength beam steel

960

P980LE

≥960

≥980

≥12

D=6a, 90°

Welded beam

If you are interested in this product, please feel free to contact us: MetalProcessingFactory@outlook.com

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PROSPERITY^® Hot Rolled Wheel Steel

PROSPERITY^® Wheel steel characteristics:

PROSPERITY^® Wheel steels consist of the high strength low alloy (HSLA) type and advanced high strength (AHS) type. HSLA steels are strengthened by Nb and Ti with high strength, good weldability, excellent cold formability. AHS steels are mainly strengthened by phase transformation such as DP steels with low yield ratio and FB steels with high hole expansion ratio with High strength, good weldability, low yield ratio, excellent cold formability, high fatigue resistance.

The range of available HSLA STEEL specifications(According to the regulations of the Chinese government, duplex steel and high expanded hole steel are subject to export control, and thus will not be listed on this table):

Model No.			Finished product thickness (mm)			Finished product width (mm)
P500CL			1.6-14.0			800-1400
P550CL			1.6-14.0			800-1400
P600CL			1.6-14.0			800-1400
P650CL			1.6-14.0			800-1400

PROSPERITY^® wheel steel HSLA steel mechanical properties:

Model No.			Yield Strength MPa			Tensile Strength MPa			Elongation %
P500CL			380-500			500-620			≥26
P550CL			450-570			550-680			≥24
P600CL			500-620			600-750			≥22
P650CL			550-680			650-800			≥20

If you are interested in this product, please feel free to contact us: MetalProcessingFactory@outlook.com

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PROSPERITY^® Hot Rolled Steel for Truck Body

PROSPERITY^® Steel for Truck Body characteristics:

*Truck body or mixer tank body in service will withstand wear,severe loading impact, strain load condition, with overload control more and more strict, highway vehicles will face more and more urgent demand for lightweight, Baosteel has developed a series of truck body, high strength hot rolled steel plate and wear-resistant steel plate to meet the user’s requirement of lightweight design, easy processing, longevity and durability, low cost and so on.

*The dump truck body adopts wear-resistant steel instead of ordinary steel structure, can reduce the body weight 30-50%. Truck body made by wear-resistant steel,perform high strength and high rigidity, anti impact dent with good toughness, abrasion resistance and long service life. Baosteel can provide package of technical support, such as material recommending, processing, welding, and the lightweight design as well.

The range of available Steel for Truck Body specifications:

Steel Type			Model No.			Characteristics
Wear Resistant Steel			PW300			Low grade, apply to road dump truck body, etc.
Wear Resistant Steel			PW450 PW500			High grade, apply to mining dump truck body, etc.
Wear Resistant Steel			PW300TP			Easy forming wear resistent steel, apply to concrete mixer tank body, etc.
High strength steel			P650XT P700XT P800XT			High strength steel plate, with good plasticity,easy processing, easy welding, high strength and durable, suitable for the modification of the truck body cold formed tube, side panels, frame structure, crashproof beam and so on.

PROSPERITY^® steel for truck body mechanical properties:

Model No.

Yield Strength MPa

Tensile Strength MPa

Elongation %

180° cold-bent core diameter

P650XT

≥600

≥650

≥11

d=2a

P700XT

≥620

≥700

≥11

d=2a

P800XT

≥700

≥800

≥11

d=2a

If you are interested in this product, please feel free to contact us: MetalProcessingFactory@outlook.com

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PROSPERITY^® Hot Rolled High Strength Steel for Shaft Tube and Axle

PROSPERITY^® has developed a series of steels for high-strength drive shaft tubes, cold stamping and hot stamping axle housing, providing multiple solutions for the lightweighting of axles.

PROSPERITY^® Cold forming axle housing steel with high strength, easy forming, good welding performance and high production efficiency, suitable for the production of light truck axle housing.

PROSPERITY^® Hot stamping steel axle housing is suitable for hot stamping forming process, its special designed microstructure ensured the high strength and good fatigue performance after hot stamping. The steel is mainly used in thick axle housing of heavy truck for the purpose of reducing weight, and has been certified by a famous German commercial vehicle enterprise.

The range of available specifications:

Application			Finished product thickness (mm)			Finished product width (mm)			Finished product length (mm)
Steel for Shaft Tube			2-8			900-1800			2000-12000
Cold forming axle housing			2-8			900-1800			2000-12000
Hot stamping axle housing			8-14			900-1800			2000-12000

PROSPERITY^® High Strength Steel for Shaft Tube and Axle mechanical properties:

Model No.

Strength level Re, MPa

Tensile Strength Rm, MPa

Elongation A, %

180° cold bending core diameter

Application

P600QZR

≥550

600-760

≥14

1.5a

Steel for Shaft Tube

P700QZR

≥600

700-850

≥13

1.5a

Steel for Shaft Tube

P750QZR

≥700

750-900

≥13

1.5a

Steel for Shaft Tube

P440QK

≥295

≥440

≥34

1a

Cold Forming for Axle

P500QK

≥460

≥500

≥19

1a

Cold Forming for Axle

P600QK

≥550

≥600

≥15

1.5a

Cold Forming for Axle

P700QK

≥600

≥700

≥14

2a

Cold Forming for Axle

PQT800 (Hot-rolled Plate)

≥600

≥750

≥12

N/A

Hot stamping for axle

PQT800 (Hot-stamping housing)

≥460

≥550

≥21

N/A

Hot stamping for axle

If you are interested in this product, please feel free to contact us: MetalProcessingFactory@outlook.com

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PROSPERITY^® Hot Rolled Special Steel for Automobile

PROSPERITY^® Hot rolled special steel includes carbon structural steel, alloy structural steel, carbon tool steel, sping steel etc.. Hotrolled special steel have a wide range of applications, they are used in saw blades, automobile parts, engineering machinery, oilers, chemicl energy and other fieleds. At presently, PROSPERITY^® has formed a full range of hot-rolled special steel, and greatly meet the needs of our customers.

PROSPERITY^® Hot rolled special steel characteristics:

*High purity: the strictly controlled refining and continuous casting process makes steel more pure and more uniform, and greatly improved the service life of the product.

*High precision: the precisely controlled by the world class hot mill plant, the microstructure and the tolerance of the products satisfy even the most stringent requirements.

*Multiple delivery conditions: including hot-rolled, annealing, quenching and tempering conditions, greatly satisfy the needs of users.

PROSPERITY^® Hot rolled special steel product ranges:

Steel Type			Main Standards			Model No.			Applications
Carbon steel for machine structure			JIS standard			S15C-S55C			Various type of mechanical parts, including automobile parts, chain, friction plate and used for cold-rolled.
Carbon steel for machine structure			SAE standard			SAE1010-SAE1070			Various type of mechanical parts, including automobile parts, chain, friction plate and used for cold-rolled.
Carbon steel for machine structure			European standard			C10-C75			Various type of mechanical parts, including automobile parts, chain, friction plate and used for cold-rolled.
Carbon tool steel			JIS standard			SK5, SK4			Saw, blade, knife, agricultural machine parts and for cold-rolled use.
Carbon tool steel			SAE standard			SAE1074, SAE1078			Saw, blade, knife, agricultural machine parts and for cold-rolled use.
Carbon tool steel			European standard			C80			Saw, blade, knife, agricultural machine parts and for cold-rolled use.
Alloy steel for structural use			JIS standard			SCM series, SNCM series			Various type of automobile parts, chain, seat adjustment systems, clutch plates and used for cold-rolled.
Alloy steel for structural use			ASTM standard			SAE4130, SAE4140			Various type of automobile parts, chain, seat adjustment systems, clutch plates and used for cold-rolled.
Alloy steel for structural use			European standard			16MnCr5, 34CrMo4, 42CrMo4			Various type of automobile parts, chain, seat adjustment systems, clutch plates and used for cold-rolled.
Alloy tool steel			JIS standard			SKS51 etc.			Cutlery, saw, circular saws and for cold folled steel strip.
Alloy tool steel			European standard			75Cr1, 80CrV2/8CrV, 75Ni8 etc.			Cutlery, saw, circular saws and for cold folled steel strip.
Spring steel			JIS standard			SUP6, SUP9 etc.			Various elastic parts in winding apparatus, etc.
Spring steel			European standard			50CrV4/51CrV4, 58CrV4			Various elastic parts in winding apparatus, etc.
Spring steel			GB			27SiMn, 65Mn, 60Si2MnA, 62Si2MnA			Various elastic parts in winding apparatus, etc.
Other special steel			GB			15CrMo, 12Cr1MoV			Steel for boilers and pressure vessels, bearing steel, nitrided steel, etc.
Other special steel			ASME			SA387 series			Steel for boilers and pressure vessels, bearing steel, nitrided steel, etc.

If you are interested in this product, please feel free to contact us: MetalProcessingFactory@outlook.com

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PROSPERITY^® Hot forming Steel for Automobile

PROSPERITY^® Hot forming Steel for Automobile can reach the strength above 1200MPa by utilizing metal elongation property under high temperature (Austenite) and rapid cooling (quenching) in die.

PROSPERITY^® Hot forming Steel for Automobile product ranges:

Model No.			Thickness (mm)			Width (mm)
PBR1200HS			1.8-6.0			800-1850
PBR1500HS			1.8-6.0			800-1850

PROSPERITY^® Hot forming Steel for Automobile Chemical Composition (Heat Analysis) (%):

Model No.

C

Si

Mn

Nb+Ti

PR1200HS

≤0.3

≤1.2

≤2.0

≤0.10

PR1500HS

≤0.3

≤1.2

≤2.0

≤0.10

PROSPERITY^® Hot forming Steel for Automobile Mechanical Properties:

Model No.

Status

Rpl (MPa)

Tensile Strength Rm (MPa)

Elongation A L0=80mm (%)

PR1200HS

Hot-rolled

≥280

≤700

≥18

PR1200HS

After heat treatment

900-1200

≥1200

≥8

PR1500HS

Hot-rolled

320-630

420-800

≥15

PR1500HS

After heat treatment

950-1250

1300-1800

≥6

If you are interested in this product, please feel free to contact us: MetalProcessingFactory@outlook.com

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PROSPERITY^® Hot Rolled Steel Production Bases

PROSPERITY^® has 8 heat treating lines located in different parts of China, with a designed production capacity of 800,000 tons. Among them, the annual designed production capacity of the conventional heat treatment line is 400,000 tons, with thickness specifications ranging from 3.0 to 12.0mm. The intensive heat treatment production line has an annual designed capacity of 400,000 tons, with thickness specifications ranging from 2.0 to 6.0mm, and is capable of delivering surface-coated steel coils.

PROSPERITY^® conventional heat treatment production line has two heat treatment methods. It is mainly composed of 4 shot blasting machines, 4 high-temperature furnaces, 14 low-temperature furnaces, quenching machines, straightening machines, plate shape measuring instruments and other equipment. The main products include steel for construction machinery, advanced automotive steel, wear-resistant steel and steel for container structures, etc. The maximum tensile strength is 1800MPa and the maximum yield strength is 1500MPa. The delivery status is steel plates, with supply specifications ranging from 3.0 to 12.0mm in thickness, 900 to 1900mm in width, and 4000 to 13000mm in length.

PROSPERITY^® Intensive heat treatment production line is a “high-strength, high-quality and high-efficiency” continuous heat treatment unit for steel coils, featuring continuous quenching + tempering and single tempering functions. The main products include ultra-high strength structural steel, wear-resistant steel, protective steel, low-stress tempered plates, etc., which are widely used in industries such as construction machinery, dump trucks, heavy-duty trucks, and cash transport vehicles. The maximum tensile strength is 1800MPa and the maximum yield strength is 1500MPa. The supply specifications are a thickness of 2.0-6.0mm, a width of 900-1700mm, and a length of 2000-14000mm. The delivery status of the product is steel coil or steel plate, and the surface of the steel plate can be delivered with coating.

PROSPERITY^® latest heat treatment production line put into operation in 2022. The main equipment includes 8 oxygen-free quenching furnaces, 8 tempering furnaces, 4 shot blasting machines and 8 straightening machines. It has the capabilities of quenching, normalizing and tempering. The products are widely used in industries such as construction machinery, dump trucks, heavy-duty trucks, cash transport vehicles, and safety protection. The supply specifications are thickness 3.0-20.0mm, width 1000-2000mm, and length 2000-15000mm.

PROSPERITY^® hot rolled steel Packing:

In rolls:

1. conventional packing.

1-Latch fastener; 2-Packing tape.

2. After consultation between the supplier and the buyer, a fixture can be installed at the tail of the steel coil.

1-Corner protector; 2-Latch fastener; 3-Packing tape; 4-End of tape; 5-Fixture.

3. After consultation between the supplier and the buyer, anti-rust paper can be used for wrapping.

1-Steel belt; 2-Anti-tarnish paper (for inner core and periphery); 3-Peripheral cover plate; 4-Packing tape; 5-Latch fastener; 6-Corner protector; 7-Circular guard plate at the end; 8-Inner peripheral guard plate; 9-Inner corner guard.

In sheets:

1. conventional packing.

1-Corner protector; 2-Latch fastener; 3-Packing tape.

2. Box packaging.

1-Pallet; 2-Latch fastener; 3-Steel plates; 4-Packing tape; 5-Upper cover plate; 6-Side protecting plate; 7-Anti-tarnish paper.

3. Simple box packaging.

1-Packing tape; 2-Latch fastener; 3-Steel plates; 4-Anti-tarnish paper and plastic film.

PROSPERITY^® Heat treatment steel product selection:

When choosing steel, two factors need to be taken into account. One is the machinability of the material, and the other is its performance in use. Generally, during processing, we hope that the material has low strength and good elongation to facilitate cutting, stamping and forming. When in use, we hope that the material has high strength, good impact performance and can withstand harsh usage conditions. For this reason, we need to make a judgment based on the mechanical properties of the material.

The main indicators in mechanical property testing:

*Yield strength-It refers to the stress corresponding to the moment a material begins to undergo plastic deformation. Before the yield point, the deformation of the material is elastic. Once the applied stress is removed, it will return to its original shape. When the stress exceeds the yield point, part of the deformation remains as permanent deformation that cannot be restored.

*Tensile strength-It refers to the maximum stress value that a specimen can withstand before breaking during tensile testing. Generally, tensile strength corresponds to the stress when necking occurs.

*Elongation-Also known as elongation after fracture, it refers to the percentage increase in the gauge length of the specimen after it breaks compared to the original gauge length. The greater the elongation, the greater the permanent deformation that the material can withstand before being broken under force, and the better the formability. Yield strength, tensile strength and elongation are generally measured through tensile tests.

*Impact energy-Also known as toughness, it refers to the energy absorbed by the specimen when it breaks under impact during an impact test. The unit is joule (J). Impact energy indicates the material’s resistance to impact loads. It was measured through the Charpy V-shaped impact test.

If welding is still required during the processing of the material, the welding performance of the material must be taken into consideration.

*Welding-For steel, welding is the process of joining individual pieces of steel together. The welding areas usually need to be fused together and then solidified to form a strong bond, such as arc welding, gas welding, and resistance welding.

*Weldability-Also known as bonding capacity, for materials, it refers to their ability to be welded together. Most steels are weldable, but some are easier. This property has a significant impact on both welding quality and process selection.

*Carbon Equivalent-In welding, carbon equivalent (CE) is used to measure the weldability of steel. The carbon equivalent formula shows that the influence of different alloys on welding is too small. High carbon content and alloying elements such as manganese, chromium, silicon, molybdenum, copper and nickel will increase the hardness of steel and reduce its weldability. The carbon equivalent is usually calculated by the following formula:

The following matters need to be noted during the transportation and storage of steel:

*Hoisting-When hoisting steel coils and steel plates, it is recommended to use dedicated lifting gear. When only steel wire ropes are used, they are prone to sliding and causing danger. At the same time, they are also likely to crush or scratch the steel, resulting in defects.

*Stacking-When stacking steel coils, it is recommended to lay protective materials such as rubber sheets at the bottom to prevent surface damage to the steel coils. When stacking steel plates, wooden blocks must be used. The wooden blocks should have the same height and be at equal and appropriate distances from each other to ensure that the weight of the steel plates is evenly distributed and avoid shape problems of the plates.

*Storage-Steel is recommended to be stored indoors. If stored outdoors, it should be covered with tarpaulin. When stored indoors, it is necessary to pay attention to monitoring the humidity and temperature inside the room to avoid the “condensation” phenomenon caused by sudden changes in temperature and humidity.

Steel uncoiling and side shearing:

*Uncoiling-Pay attention to safety when uncoiling steel coils. When uncoiling, especially for high-strength steel, operators should not stand in front of the steel coil to prevent the steel strip from popping out and causing personal injury. When uncoiling, it is best to use a uncoiler with a tension system to avoid scratches on the surface of the steel coil.

*Shearing: When side shearing or slitting steel, appropriate equipment needs to be selected. When using a circular shearer, it should have sufficient hardness to avoid rapid wear during use, which may affect the quality of the cut edge. The normal cross-section of steel should have distinct bright bands and shear bands.

Resampling of steel:

*If you have any questions about the performance of the steel during use, please contact our service staff. The performance of the material can be confirmed by re-sampling and testing. When taking samples, to ensure their representativeness, the position should be at one quarter of the width of the steel plate or steel strip. For products delivered in rolls, sampling should be conducted after the head effect has been removed. The size of the sample is 450mm*450mm, and its surface should be marked with the rolling direction of the steel.

Welding technique:

With the continuous improvement of international laws and regulations and the increasing requirements for energy conservation and emission reduction, the demand for heat treatment products is growing. The widespread application of ultra-high strength and structural thinning has brought considerable problems and challenges to welding manufacturing. To achieve good welding quality and joint performance, multiple factors such as weld seam arrangement, joint design, welding methods, welding materials, and welding processes need to be taken into consideration.

The design concept of weld seam layout and welded joints:

*In structural design, it is advisable to minimize the number and size of welds as much as possible. At the same time, the position of the weld seam and the design of the joint should be convenient for welding operation and post-weld inspection.

*The weld position should not be located at the load-bearing position. It should avoid high-stress areas and be designed at low-stress locations. For instance, the arrangement of the weld should be symmetrical to the neutral axis of the component section, especially when the structure is subjected to dynamic loads. Welded joints should not be perpendicular to the stress direction but should be parallel to it. By rationally arranging the welded joints, the load they bear during the service process should be minimized as much as possible.

*When designing the layout of weld seams, avoid situations where they cross each other and are densely arranged. When weld seams may intersect with each other, it is advisable to adopt a node form with lower rigidity, such as using over-weld holes in the design or shortening the weld length a little, so that two or more weld seams can be disconnected and not intersect, thereby avoiding dense weld seams and bidirectional or tridirectional intersections.

*Reasonably design the welding sequence, such as symmetrical welding, to reduce welding residual stress and welding deformation.

*The welding bevel should be reasonably designed based on the thickness of the plate. The bevel gap should not exceed 3mm to avoid excessive welding residual stress.

*When fillet welds are welded, appropriate process parameters should be adopted to ensure a smooth transition on the weld surface and avoid stress concentration. When the end of the fillet weld is on the component, continuous fillet welding should be carried out at the corner. The starting and ending points of the arc should not be at the end or the corner, and should be more than 50mm away from the end of the weld. The arc pit should be filled.

Selection of welding methods and materials:

*Welding methods such as gas shielded welding, manual welding, submerged arc welding and laser hybrid welding can be used. To reduce the risk of cold cracking during welding, low-hydrogen welding methods and materials should be selected as much as possible.

*When choosing welding materials, the matching form should be selected based on actual needs. Usually, equal-strength matching is adopted, but slightly lower-strength matching and low-strength matching can also be chosen according to the design and the owner. The equal-strength matching form is used for load-bearing welds, and the welds serve in high-stress environments. The low-strength matching form is used for connection welds and other forms, and the welds serve in a low-stress environment.

*For ultra-high strength steel, based on the specific application scenarios and force conditions, in addition to adopting the principle of equal strength matching, slightly lower strength and low-strength matching welding materials can be selected. For wear-resistant steel and protective steel, low-strength matching welding materials.

*For the selection of low-hydrogen welding materials, the hydrogen content of the deposited metal should not exceed 5ml/100g, and the flux and electrodes should be stored in accordance with relevant regulations, and baked in accordance with the prescribed system before welding.

*To prevent the occurrence of cold cracking, the low-strength matching welding materials adopted can be either low-alloy welding materials or high-alloy austenitic stainless steel welding materials.

*When low-alloy high-strength and ultra-high-strength welding materials are selected, the lower the carbon equivalent of the welding materials, the better, and the higher the plasticity and toughness of the deposited metal, the better.

*When performing argon-rich gas shielded welding, short-circuit transition is recommended for root priming welding, and attention should be paid to the fusion of the side walls. Jet transition is recommended for filling and cover welding.

*The storage place for welding materials should be well-ventilated, with a temperature ranging from 5℃ to 50℃, and the relative humidity of the air should not exceed 60%. Welding materials should be kept, dried, distributed and recycled by designated personnel.

*Low-hydrogen type electrodes shall meet the following requirements:

a). It should be baked at 300℃ -430℃ for 1 -2 hours before use.

b). After drying, it should be stored in an insulated box with a temperature no lower than 120℃, ready for use, and taken out as needed.

c). The time left in the atmosphere after drying should not exceed 2 hours. The number of re-drying times should not exceed once.

*The drying of flux shall comply with the following requirements:

a). It should be baked at the temperature recommended by the manufacturer before use.

b). The time left in the atmosphere after drying should not exceed 4 hours.

c). Fluxes that have become damp or lumped must not be used.

Determination of preheating temperature and inter-track temperature:

To avoid cold cracks in welding, it is necessary to determine the preheating temperature and the interpass temperature. The preheating temperature and interpass temperature should be determined or determined through welding tests based on a comprehensive consideration of factors such as the chemical composition of the steel, the restraint state of the welded joint, the amount of heat input, the hydrogen content level of the deposited metal, and the welding method adopted.

*The chemical composition of steel directly determines the size of its carbon equivalent. The higher the carbon equivalent, the higher the preheating temperature required. The commonly used carbon equivalent formula is as follows:

*The restraint state of the welded joint is related to the thickness of the plate. The thicker the plate, the higher the preheating temperature required.

*The welding heat input depends on the welding current, welding voltage and welding speed, and is usually calculated by the following formula:

*After the welding heat process, the microstructure and mechanical properties of steel plates will undergo corresponding changes. The input of welding heat plays a crucial role in the performance of the entire welding joint area. The greater the heat input, the lower the temperature that needs to be preheated.

*The hydrogen content level of deposited metals is an important factor affecting the crack resistance of materials. When non-low-hydrogen welding materials are used, the preheating temperature should be increased by 20℃ compared with that when low-hydrogen welding materials are used.

*If the ambient humidity is high or the temperature is below 5℃, the minimum recommended preheating temperature should be increased by 25℃.

*During the welding process, the temperature between passes should not be lower than the preheating temperature.

*When the structure is subjected to static loads, the maximum temperature between the roads during welding should not exceed 220℃. For structures that need to bear dynamic loads, the maximum temperature between roads should not exceed 200℃.

*The preheated heating area should be on both sides of the weld groove, and its width should be no less than 100mm. The preheating temperature should be measured on the back of the heated surface of the welded part. The measurement points should be no less than 75mm in all directions from the welding point before the arc passes through.

*When welding the same type of steel with unequal thicknesses, the preheating and interlayer temperature to be adopted depend on the maximum plate thickness. When welding steels of the same thickness but different strengths, the preheating and interlayer temperatures to be adopted depend on the steel grade with higher strength. When welding dissimilar steels, the preheating and interlayer temperatures to be adopted depend on the steel grade with higher welding process requirements.

Requirements for welding and manufacturing:

*Before welding, a comprehensive inspection should be carried out to ensure that the power supply, welding machine, welding torch, gas supply system, tooling and other equipment are in normal condition.

*Before welding, it is necessary to confirm whether the grade, specification and quality of the welding wire meet the requirements. Welding materials should be kept away from moisture, oil stains and other contaminants during storage and use.

*The surface and both sides of the base metal to be welded should be uniform, smooth, and free of burrs, cracks and other defects that may adversely affect the quality of the weld seam. Before beveling, inspect the shape quality of the steel plate and confirm that the side bend does not exceed 0.5mm and the unevenness does not exceed 0.5mm.

*Mechanical processing and thermal cutting (gas cutting, plasma cutting and laser cutting) are commonly used methods for blanking and beveling. During the thermal cutting process, an oxide film will form on the material surface. It is recommended to remove it before welding. If plasma cutting is adopted, it is recommended to use oxygen as the plasma gas. If nitrogen is used, the cutting surface should be ground by at least 0.2mm before welding.

*Check the assembly quality and bevel condition of the welded parts (including whether the assembly dimensions are correct, whether there are misaligned edges, whether the gaps are uniform, etc.), carefully clean and grind the bevel and both sides of the bevel, and confirm that there are no rust stains, oil stains, etc. within 30mm.

*When welding in a free state, reasonable anti-deformation should be pre-prepared. When welding, arc initiation should be avoided outside the welding area. Arc scratches on the surface of the steel plate should be avoided.

*Welding should be carried out indoors, and the ambient temperature should not be less than 5℃. If the temperature is below 5℃ or the ambient humidity is high, the minimum preheating temperature should be increased by 25℃.

*Long straight welds should be welded with automated welding equipment as much as possible. When the arc is closed during welding, the arc pit should be filled up and no arc pit cracks are allowed.

*Arrange the weld beads reasonably to ensure that the geometric shape of the joint cross-section contour is reasonable. Adopt reasonable process parameters to guarantee good weld surface formation and reasonable weld external dimensions. When performing multi-layer welding, after each weld bead is completed, it should be ground in time to clean up the welding slag and surface spatter.

*The excess height of the butt joint weld seam shall not exceed 3mm. When performing shielded metal arc welding, gas shielded welding and submerged arc welding, the width-to-depth ratio of each weld seam should not be less than 1.1. When defects that affect the welding quality are found, they should be removed thoroughly, and it should be ensured that the removal marks do not have excessive stress concentration or dimensional unevenness.

*For welded structures subjected to dynamic loads, it is essential to focus on optimizing the welding process to achieve a good match of current, voltage, welding speed and groove form, ensuring good formation, reducing residual stress and stress concentration, while avoiding defects and reducing spatter.

*Whether the welded joint is subjected to dynamic or static loads, it is strictly prohibited to fill the gap of the joint with welding rods, iron blocks or other debris. When the assembly gap deviation of the bevel is relatively large, it can be surfacing welded on one or both sides of the bevel according to the formal welding process, which is commonly known as the “long meat method”, to make the gap meet the requirements.

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